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高中英语段落写作教学设计与实践

一、英语段落写作的重要性与内涵

在英文写作中,段落是文章的基本单位。写好一个段落可以说是简单而有效地写好一篇文章的前提。

语言学专家Bondoc和Bosse认为一个段落不仅仅是一组相关句子的集合,它还是一篇文章发展的基础。段落提供了论文写作所需的结构。实际上,一个能够被接受的并且被理解的段落可以被看成是一个“迷你文章”,或一篇文章中的一篇短文(主题句)、中间或主体(辅助性细节)和结尾或结论(结束句)。

关于段落写作的教学,许多学者都有自己的看法。“无论怎样教写作,最实用的方法就是写好一个段落,因为段落是文章的缩影,具有文章所需的全部要素“(Mones Leon, 引自高芳2011)。我国学者汪虹认为,段落是写作的必备和重要单位。它是一系列句子,可以用来发展一个主要观点或阐述一个人的思想。它是一本书中文章或章节中较大的一部分。英语写作的成功对于语言学习者来说并不容易,需要语言学习者掌握一些方法,而最基本的能否写好段落则是一篇文章是否成功的关键。

因此段落写作的重要性不言而喻,在高中英语写作课中进行系统的段落写作训练十分必要。

 

二、英语段落的结构特征及学生存在的问题

典型的英语段落通常包含三个要素:主题句(Topic Sentence)、支撑句/扩展句(Supporting Sentence)和结论句(Concluding Sentence)。

主题句用于表明作者的观点,开门见山地阐明这个段落的话题。主题句由主题词(The Topic)和主题思想(Controlling Idea)两部分构成。主题词表明讨论的对象,主题思想的表述部分限制或控制这个主题在一个段落中能够被论述的具体方向。主题句后用支撑句(Supporting Sentence)加以说明或阐述,层层展开。有的段落结尾还会有结论句(Concluding Sentence),重申主题或者引出下文。整个段落组织严谨,有较强的逻辑结构。

段落是文章内容中具有一个完整意义的外部表现形态,是文章结构的基本单位。段落通常由若干个对一个主要观点展开论述的相互关联的句子组成。但段落并非是句子的随意堆砌,句子内容之间应该有连贯和逻辑性。段落表达的内容应该是单一的,一个段落只能表达一个意思,而不能把意思上互不相关的句子堆砌在一起,造成段落内容的庞杂错乱;段落表达的内容应该是完整的,一个意思应当尽量集中在一个段落里陈述,最好不要分割成两端或极端,而使段落内容支离破碎。而高中生在英语写作时不能很好地将文章或段落主题思想表达出来,写作缺乏连贯性和逻辑性。

由于东西方思维方式的差异及学生语言综合运用能力的欠缺,学生在英语写作特别是段落写作中深受母语负迁移的干扰,在结构上存在较大问题:很多同学在写作中缺乏主题句,且句子之间连接词应用不恰当,文章主次表达不够鲜明;有些同学展开内容与段落主题没有密切关联,喜欢写些无关痛痒的细枝末节;还有些同学语言表达随心所欲,所写内容毫无逻辑性可言,以堆叠字数为主。这样尽管部分同学具备了一定的语言功底,能够写出地道的英文句子,还是无法写出符合标准的有效英文段落。

 

三、英语段落写作教学的意义和目的

在近年的高考英语中,写作作为能最大限度反映学生综合语言运用能力的主观考察形式,一直占据较高考核比例。在上海高考英语中,写作包含概要写作及语篇写作,分值达35分。高质量的段落是优秀文本的必要组成部分,明确段落的内容构成和形式是高中生进行英语写作的重要环节,掌握段落要素可以帮助学生在写作中构建好段落框架,使段落内容主旨突出,语篇前后衔接与逻辑通畅,同时段落要素和阅读密不可分,还可以帮助学生在阅读理解中快速定位段落的关键信息,提高学生的阅读效率。

 

  1. 教学实例

本课时课题为“Effective Paragraph Writing”,是高三年级写作复习单元中关于段落写作教学的第一课时。本单元课时安排如下:

第1-3课时 规范的篇章

第4-5 课时 有效的段落

第6-7 课时 正确的句子与句型

我校为美术特色学校,学生文化课功底较为薄弱,尽管授课班级为英语特色班,但学生的英语写作能力仍然有欠缺。本课时的教学旨在帮助学生在写作中构建段落框架,训练学生写段落主题句的能力及培养学生发展有效段落的意识。

教学设计如下:

     (一)教学目标:

1.通过使学生牢记主题句2大要素“主题Topic”和“主题思想controlling idea”,培养学生写主题句的意识,引导学生写出合适的主题句。

2. 通过让学生了解有效段落发展是遵守“统一Unity”“连贯Coherence”2个原则,培养学生发展段落的意识。

3. 通过引导学生参与小组活动,写出统一连贯的有效段落,培养学生的批判性思维及合作学习能力。

(二)教学过程

Task One: What makes a good paragraph?

1. Compare two paragraphs and tell which paragraph is proper.

1.In my childhood, there were so many   things that were worth calling to mind. Some made me happy, some made me   excited, and some made me sad. But among them was an unforgettable thing,   when I think of it, my good friend Anna will occur to me.

2.One of the most unforgettable   experience of my childhood involves my good friend Anna. It happened when I   was eight years old...

      2. learn about the structure of a paragraph.

A paragraph is composed of a topic sentence followed by several supporting sentences, sometimes with a concluding sentence in the end.

<板书> Topic   sentence--Supporting sentences-- Concluding sentence

【设计说明】在课堂教学的第一环节设置了两个不同写作方式的段落,来帮助学生感知标准的英文段落应该如何展开。从第一个段落中学生可以看出其深受中文表述影响,语法问题频出,语句表达松散,逻辑混乱;由第二个段落可以引出一个标准的英文段落由主题句引导,其后的语句围绕主题句展开。由此激活学生关于段落写作的相关知识。

Task Two: How to write a good topic sentence.

  1. Learn about the two elements of a topic sentence:

    A topic sentence includes the topic and controlling ideas. The topic tells what the paragraph is about and the controlling ideas are the words that limit the topic in one paragraph and show how the writer develop the topic.

<板书> Topic   sentence--Supporting sentences-- Concluding sentence

  =Topic+controlling idea

eg: (1)Computers harms children in three major ways.

         Topic                     Controlling idea

(2)There are several ways for us to learn English well.

Students Practice1: Circle the topic and underline controlling ideas.

(1)First and foremost, accommodation at school helps save my time.

(2)Fixing a flat tire on a bicycle is easy if you follow these steps.

(3)Riding a bicycle gives pleasure.

(4)Effective leadership requires specific qualities that anyone can develop

【设计说明】尽管主题句可以出现在句中和句尾,但主题句位于句对于英语写作初学者来说是一种写好段落的有效方式,有助于作者围绕话题写作不跑题;主题思想限定了在一个段落中讨论的内容,作者可依此提供具体的实例和细节。

  1. The topic sentence should be neither too general nor too specific.

    eg: (1)American food is terrible. 

    If your topic is too general,you will have too big a topic to deal with in one paragraph.

  2. American food is tasteless and greasy because Americans use too many canned, frozen and prepacked foods and because everything is fried in oil or butter.

        If your topic is too specific, it is difficult to find new points to develop the paragraph.

        Proper topic sentence-- American food is tasteless and greasy.

    Students’ Practice 2: Pair work-Rewrite the topic sentence

    (1)Television is important.

        (2) My hometown is famous because it is located by Wheaton River, which is very wide, and because it is built near an unusually steep hill called Wheaton Hill.

    【设计说明】主题句应该对该段落内容进行适当概括和限制。主题句如果太过笼统,就不能包含具体思想和观点,对段落如何展开缺乏指导和限制,使读者由于内容太空泛而很难确切地知道本段要谈论的内容;主题句如果太具体,读者就会发现作者对这段内容已无发挥、充实的余地,而无法将主题句展开。

  3. Students’ Practice 3: Write topic sentences for an article.

    假如你是明启中学的李华,你的朋友李楠给你写封信,告诉你他要开发一款应用软件,用这个软件共享衣服同时可以增加零花钱。他想要征集大家的看法,你是否愿意共享你的衣服,并给出你的理由。(2019春考)

    Dear Li Nan,

       I’ve heard that you are planning to develop an app, serving as a platform for users to share their clothes and earn some money at the same time. I’m writing to present my opinion.

    A: I am willing to share my clothes for these reasons as follows.

    or

    B: I am not willing to share my clothes for these reasons as follows.

  4. Ask students to divide into 6 groups. Group 1-3 will write about they are willing to share clothes while Group 4-6 will write about they are not willing to share clothes.

  5. Brainstorm reasons and each group choose to write one topic sentence.

  6. Ask some groups to share their sentences and comment on their work.

<板书> Topic   sentence--Supporting sentences--Concluding sentence

  =Topic+controlling idea

Willing                                not willing

1.                                     1.

2.                                     2.

3.                                     3.

   【设计说明】在近年的高考题中选择一篇话题趣味性较强的作文题目,为学生架设语境,确保学生有话可讲,同时创设活动,推动学生的语言输出。

    Task Three: How to write an effective paragraph?

(1)Introduce Two principles to develop an effective paragraph: Unity (统一)& Coherence(连贯)

(2)Unity means that the topic sentence and supporting sentences should be related to the same topic.

Students’ Practice 4: Please identify the irrelevant sentences in the given paragraph.

Indian food is becoming more and more popular in the UK. (1) A recent poll indicated that chicken tikka masala is the nation’s favorite dish. (2)Chickens are usually reared on battery farms in conditions of very poor light and with restricted movement. (3) Indian cookbooks have been selling in greater and greater numbers as more people want to experiment with this style of food. (4) Due to consumer pressure, free-range chickens are becoming more and more popular. (5) One reason for the increasing popularity of Indian food is the increased availability of the spices needed to give the food its distinctive flavor. (6) There has also been an explosion in the number of Indian restaurants offering this exotic cuisine at reasonable prices.

Irrelevant sentences: _______  ________   _________

【设计说明】段落的统一性是指一个段落应只围绕一个主题展开。段落中的每个句子都要与主题句中表述的主题思想有关。

(3)Coherence is connection.

In a coherent paragraph, every supporting sentence is connected to the one before it, to the topic sentence or both.   

Tips:

Arrange sentences in a clear order, eg: time and space, logic…

Use correct pronouns

Use proper transitional words and expressions.

Students' Practice 5:Is the paragraph coherent?

Time is tricky. It is difficult to control and easy to waste. When you look ahead, you think you have more time than you need. For example, toward the end of the term you may suddenly find that time is running out, but at the beginning of a semester, you may feel that you have plenty of time on your hands. You don't have enough time to cover all your duties, so you get worried. What is the answer? Control! 

【设计说明】段落的连贯性是指一个段落当中的主题句与支撑句之间,一要形成意义上的相关性,即所有的支撑句都必须是主题句的延伸或证明,对主题句起支持的作用;二要具有逻辑的合理性,即句子的排列顺序必须合乎一定逻辑,从一个句子到另一个句子的过度必须流畅。

  1. Students’ Practice 6: Write a paragraph

    Students will continue their writing on whether they willing to share clothes on apps and develop their topic sentence into a full paragraph. Then they will present their work and peer comment according to a given checklist.

    假如你是明启中学的李华,你的朋友李楠给你写封信,告诉你他要开发一款应用软件,用这个软件共享衣服同时可以增加零花钱。他想要征集大家的看法,你是否愿意共享你的衣服,并给出你的理由.

    Dear Li Nan,

       I’ve heard that you are planning to develop an app, serving as a platform for users to share their clothes and earn some money at the same time. I’m writing to present my opinion.

     

<板书> Topic   sentence--Supporting sentences-- Concluding sentence

  =Topic+controlling idea

Willing                              not willing

4.                                     1.

5.                                     2.

6.                                     3.

 

 

 

 

   【设计说明】学生将延续练习3中的话题,将小组所写的主题句发展成为一个段落,并在展示活动中根据评价表进行互评,增强对段落统一性和一致性的理解。

Assignment:

1. Polish the paragraph and proofread for the grammar mistakes and weak expressions

2. Cooperate with other students to combine their paragraphs into a complete essay based on the 2 rules of unity and coherence.

【设计说明】通过作业设计,组织学生将几个小组的零散段落整合为一篇完整的语篇,并将段落写作的统一原则与一致原则发散至语篇写作中,锻炼学生段落构建的能力。

五、教学反思

整堂课教学容量较大,通过讲练结合的方式从主旨句写作过度到段落的写作,使学生较好的掌握了主旨句的写作原则,并能围绕主题组织连贯的语句来发展段落。板书设计层层递进,呈现了整堂课的教学脉络,辅助学生理解课堂教学的内容。课堂活动设计丰富,学生参与度较高,促使学生进行高质量的语言输出。

 

 

参考文献

1.Mc Cloud-Bondoc, L. and Bosse, C. Assignment Design for Effective Writing. Springer. 2011

2.高芳. 段落意识与写作教学[J]. 四川外语学院学报,2001(5):51-54

3.任舒翼.英语段落写作新论[M]. 北京:光明日报出版社, 2009,10.

4.马素萍,姜亚军.英语写作教程[M]. 北京:高等教育出版社,2008.

5.汪虹. 可拉伸输入假说下的英语段落写作教学研究[J].科教文汇,2016,(5):174-176

6.English Paragraph Writing.  

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